Precipitation of Zn(II)-Pyrazinamide Complex from Ethanol Solution as an Antibacterial Candidate based on Transitional Metal Complex Compounds

Naila Azmi Adiba — 2025-04-11

The Zn(II)-pyrazinamide complex compound is currently being developed as an antibacterial agent. To obtain the Zn(II)-pyrazinamide complex effectively, many factors must be considered, including the type of zinc(II) salt and the mole ratio. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of the type of zinc(II) salt and the mole ratio in the precipitation of the Zn(II)-pyrazinamide complex to obtain efficient results. The Zn(II)-pyrazinamide complex was synthesized using a direct mixing technique in ethanol solution with metal:ligand mole ratios of 1:2 and 1:4 and with types of zinc(II) salts, namely acetate, chloride, and nitrate. Based on the research results, the anion of the zinc(II) salt leads to the precipitation of the complex while the metal:ligand mole ratio leads to the resulting yield. An efficient synthesis condition to obtain the Zn(II)-pyrazinamide complex is to use ZnCl2 salt and a mole ratio of 1:4. Experimental data also shows that the Zn(II)-pyrazinamide complex precipitate melts at a temperature of 234oC, while infrared spectroscopy analysis shows the characteristic carbonyl and amide groups of pyrazinamide. Meanwhile, powder-XRD analysis showed that the resulting complex had a different structure than that previously reported.

Community Participation in the Development of Sustainable Agriculture Based on Coffee Plantations in Kalibaru District, Banyuwangi

Titanio Pribadi — 2025-04-16

Coffee plants are a factor in Indonesia's economic growth which implements an agroforestry system. Agroforestry systems and management emphasize effective agricultural systems and consider conservation of natural resources. This research aims to analyze the supporting factors for sustainable agriculture based on coffee plantations, community perceptions in developing sustainable agriculture, and community strategies for sustainable agricultural development in Kalibaru District. The research method uses quantitaive descriptive research with collection methods in the form of observation, inventory and interviews. The data analysis method is in the form of likert scale analysis and SWOT analysis. The study suggests that some communities have already understood the concept of agroforestry with a perception index found under about > 50% of the value-rating category. It deals with the influential aspects of sustainable agricultural development strategies is the natural resource of coffee plantations and community knowledge of sustainable agriculture. However, coffee community knowledge resources with a 67% education percentage in senior high schools, so that knowledge about sustainable agriculture requires moderate help and education for communities. Strategies that can be used to improve sustainable agriculture in Kalibaru District are to increase assistance and education to the community about environmentally friendly sustainable agriculture and the preservation of the agroforestry system in coffee plantations in Kalibaru District.

The Indonesian Green Technology Journal

Precipitation of Zn(II)-Pyrazinamide Complex from Ethanol Solution as an Antibacterial Candidate based on Transitional Metal Complex Compounds

Community Participation in the Development of Sustainable Agriculture Based on Coffee Plantations in Kalibaru District, Banyuwangi